12 The consequences of a mandatory referendum are generally mandatory for the executive or the law are accounting. In many countries, the proposed constitutional amendments must be validated by referendum. In presidential systems, a referendum may be necessary to resolve a dispute between the president and the legislature. 52 The compulsory constitutional referendum was introduced by the Constitution of 1848, according to which any amendment to the Constitution proposed by Parliament and the Federal Council must be put to the vote of the people and the cantons. This also applies to entry into collective security organizations (NATO or UN) or supranational communities (EU) and to federal laws declared urgent that have no constitutional basis and whose validity exceeds one year (Article 140 Constitution). On 3 March 2002, the Swiss people and the cantons voted in favour of membership of the UN (54.6% of the population and 12 cantons). Switzerland was admitted as a member of the United Nations on 18 July 2002. A popular initiative of total or partial constitutional amendment, presented by 100,000 citizens entitled to vote, will be subject to the popular plebiscite of the people and cantons, as well as the question of whether a complete constitutional revision should be carried out if the two chambers do not agree (Articles 138, 139, 140). 2 The term referendum is used in this text, with the exception of the specific referendums that have taken place in past centuries. Referendums are an instrument of direct democracy as opposed to representative democracy, a system in which civil servants are elected in free and periodic elections on the basis of electoral platforms, in order to represent the views of their constituents in decisions to be taken in assemblies (parliaments), but free to advance their own agenda.

In most democracies, referendums exist only in addition to the representative system of governance. The balance between representative democracy and direct democracy is determined by the constitution of each country under national constitutional law. 17 Direct democracy was experienced for the first time in Athenian democracy, which existed in parts of ancient Greece and which began in the city-state of Athens around 508 BC. J.C., with restrictive participation (male citizens without slaves) in a small population. With similar restrictions, Roman democracy followed around 449 B.C., including the formulation and adoption of the law by citizens, and the citizen veto against the law approved by the legislator. Modern civil rights began in the cities of Switzerland in the 13th century. In 1847, Switzerland inserted the „statutory referendum“ into its national constitution. A development agreement cannot be adopted by initiative, the California Court of Appeals at the Center for Community Action and Environmental Justice v. City of Moreno Valley, 26 Cal. Towards the 5. 689 (2018). 1 A referendum is defined as a direct vote of the voters of a country to advise or decide on a particular issue, unlike the votes for individual candidates in national or local elections.

The terms referendum and referendum are used interchangeably, as they both involve a vote of the entire electorate on a particular subject. However, the term referendum is now preferred, as it is commonly used by democracies under democratic conditions. Plebiscites, sometimes used legally to decide territorial or sovereignty issues, or the adoption of a new Constitution, have received a negative connotation when used by dictatorial regimes under undemocratic conditions to approve or confirm the appointment of a leader or political regime limiting individual freedoms. The city charter requires a referendum to rent urban open spaces for any other use. The city`s lawyer, Pam Akin, said the rent issue will not appear until the November vote, when the council approves the language of the referendum next month. If voters pass the referendum, the developer should still ask for a change in land use on the land of the city, pinellas district and the federal state. On Thursday, city councillors approached